Cattle Acidosis: Causes, Signs, and Treatment Guide

Ruminal acidosis occurs when the balance of acidity in a cow's rumen is disrupted, leading to weight loss and decreased milk production. This condition can significantly impede weight gain and, in severe cases, may even result in death. It is particularly prevalent in dairy cattle that are fed high-quality pasture and grain.

Other factors that can contribute to acidosis include the excessive loss of bicarbonate ions during acute enteritis, the production and absorption of large quantities of fixed acids such as lactic acid resulting from acute carbohydrate overload, which can cause enlargement in ruminants, and ketosis in ruminants.

Additionally, acidosis may arise from the retention of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream due to interference with the normal respiratory exchange. This may occur in conditions such as pneumonia, severe pulmonary emphysema, depression of the respiratory center, and congestive heart failure. Acidosis may also result from shock with peripheral circulatory failure and renal failure.

Clinical Signs of Acidosis in Cattle

The symptoms of this condition include lethargy, elevated respiratory and pulse rate, increased temperature, diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased feed intake. Affected animals typically lose their appetite and exhibit signs of weakness and unsteadiness.

In some cases, affected animals may kick their belly and grind their teeth, and may develop sunken eyes. Severe cases can result in death within 12 to 24 hours.

The most noticeable clinical effects are related to the respiratory system. The high level of carbon dioxide in the blood and depletion of bicarbonate trigger an increase in the depth and rate of respiration by stimulating the respiratory center. This also leads to an increase in heart rate, which worsens as acidosis becomes more severe.

Treatment and Control of Acidosis in Cattle

For cows with mild cases, they should be removed from the source of the offending feed, provided with a source of good-quality fiber, and given an oral buffer such as magnesium oxide. In cases of severe affliction, intravenous fluid therapy and emergency surgery may be necessary to empty the rumen contents.

When a feed concentrate, which is high in carbon hydroxide, is given, certain types of bacteria can proliferate and produce lactic acid. This causes an increase in the pH of the rumen, which may reach up to 5.0. Additionally, rumen contractions may stop completely.

Conclusion

Ruminal acidosis disrupts the balance of acidity in a cow's rumen, leading to weight loss, decreased milk production, and even death in severe cases.

To effectively manage this disease, it is important to identify and address the underlying causes. For ruminal acidosis, removing the source of offending feed, providing good-quality fiber, and administering oral buffers can help alleviate mild cases. In severe afflictions, intravenous fluid therapy and emergency surgery may be necessary.